PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG A SAMPLE OF PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETESMELLITUS
Keywords:
Depression, type ii diabetesmellitus, Duhok city
Abstract
https://doi.org/10.31386/dmj.uod.18.12.2.3
Background: Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and depression is commonly found as a co morbid condition in chronic medical illnesses. Patients with diabetes are twice as likely to suffer from depression compared to the general population. The predictors of depression in a sample of Iraqi Patients with type 2 Diabetes were examined and evaluated in the present study.
Subject and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 254 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were invited from three diabetes centers in Duhok city in Iraqi Kurdistan between June 2017 and February 2018. The presence of depression was measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scale.
Results: The agerange of the patients was (33-90 years) with a mean age of 55.07±9.67 years The study sample comprised a total of 254 patients with equal number of both genders and had disease forth last 9.96 years. The mean BMI was 27.4. More than 72.4% of the patients had uncontrolled blood glucose. The most prevalent co morbidity in patients was hypertension (54.3%), dyslipidemia (61%), overweight and obesity(75.2%). A small percentage of the patients was on insulin (22.8%) and smoker (12.2%). The prevalence of clinical depression (BDI >16 scores) among patients was 70.9% with mean score 22.29. The study showed that aging,female gender, and having dyslipidemia as predictors of depression in the study sample.
Conclusions: The study showed that more than two thirds of the included patients had depression, most of them having mild to moderate level. Being older, female gender, and having dyslipidemia were shown to be predictors of depression in type 2 diabetic patients.
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References
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35. Katon WJ. The comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and depression. The American journal of medicine. 2008;121(11):S8-S15.
36. Huang C-I, Lin L-C, Tien H-C, Que J, Ting WC, Chen P-C, et al. Hyperlipidemia and statins use for the risk of new-onset anxiety/depression in patients with head and neck cancer: A population-based study. PloS one. 2017;12(3):e0174574.
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39. Agardh E, Allebeck P, Hallqvist J, Moradi T, Sidorchuk A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of epidemiology. 2011;40(3):804-18.
40. Kyrou I, Tsigos C. Stress hormones: physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Current opinion in pharmacology. 2009;9(6):787-93.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes care. 1998;21(9):1414-31.
3. Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, De Girolamo G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC medicine. 2011;9(1):90.
4. Hewlett E, Moran V. Making Mental Health Count; The Social and Economic Costs of Neglecting Mental Health Care: OECD; 2014.
5. Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1575-86.
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
7. Chen S, Zhang Q, Dai G, Hu J, Zhu C, Su L, et al. Association of depression with pre-diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and previously diagnosed diabetes: a meta-analysis. Springer; 2016.
8. Roy T, Lloyd CE. Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders. 2012;142:S8-S21.
9. Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, McCarl LA, Collins EM, Serpa L, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: a meta-analysis. Diabetes care. 2008;31(12):2398-403.
10. Baumeister H, Hutter N, Bengel J, Härter M. Quality of life in medically ill persons with comorbid mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2011;80(5):275-86.
11. Rubin RR, Ma Y, Marrero DG, Peyrot M, Barrett-Connor EL, Kahn SE, et al. Elevated depression symptoms, antidepressant medicine use, and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes care. 2008;31(3):420-6.
12. Moulton CD, Pickup JC, Ismail K. The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2015;3(6):461-71.
13. Berge LI, Riise T. Comorbidity between type 2 diabetes and depression in the adult population: directions of the association and its possible pathophysiological mechanisms. International journal of endocrinology. 2015;2015.
14. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:S11.
15. Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri WF, Beck AT. Dimensions of the Beck Depression Inventory‐II in clinically depressed outpatients. Journal of clinical psychology. 1999;55(1):117-28.
16. Grundy S, Cleeman J, Merz CB, Brewer Jr H, Clark L, Hunninghake D, et al. for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program Endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American College of Cardiology Foundation, and American Heart Association. Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-39.
17. Jellinger P, Smith D, Mehta A, Ganda O, Handelsman Y, Rodbard H, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocrine practice. 2012;18(Supplement 1):1-78.
18. Bailey K, Ferro-Luzzi A. Use of body mass index of adults in assessing individual and community nutritional status. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1995;73(5):673.
19. Khamseh ME, Baradaran HR, Rajabali H. Depression and diabetes in Iranian patients: a comparative study. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2007;37(1):81-6.
20. Al Maliki A, Lami MF. Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Diabetic Patients, Babel Province, Iraq, 2013-2014. J Fac Med Baghdad. 2014;56(4).
21. Li C, Ford ES, Strine TW, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of depression among US adults with diabetes: findings from the 2006 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Diabetes care. 2008;31(1):105-7.
22. Sotiropoulos A, Papazafiropoulou A, Apostolou O, Kokolaki A, Gikas A, Pappas S. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among non insulin treated Greek type 2 diabetic subjects. BMC research notes. 2008;1(1):101.
23. Hassan AR, Khafaji AZMA, Hammadi A. Depression InType2 Diabetic Patients In Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL. 2017;12(22):1-11.
24. Mikaliūkštienė A, Žagminas K, Juozulynas A, Narkauskaitė L, Sąlyga J, Jankauskienė K, et al. Prevalence and determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes in Lithuania. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2014;20:182.
25. Dudzińska M, Kurowska M, Tarach JS, Chitryń A, Wdowiak-Barton B. Social problems of diabetics. The influence of diabetes on patients’ daily, family and personal lives. Diabetologia Doświadczalna i Kliniczna. 2008;8(4):150-49.
26. Niraula K, Kohrt BA, Flora MS, Thapa N, Mumu SJ, Pathak R, et al. Prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among persons with type-2 diabetes mellitus without a prior psychiatric history: a cross-sectional study in clinical settings in urban Nepal. BMC psychiatry. 2013;13(1):309.
27. Culbertson FM. Depression and gender: an international review. American Psychologist. 1997;52(1):25.
28. Archer J. NAMS/Solvay Resident Essay Award. Relationship between estrogen, serotonin, and depression. Menopause (New York, NY). 1999;6(1):71-8.
29. Zoe R. Anxiety and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, depending on sex and body mass index. Health science journal. 2009;3(1).
30. Sweileh WM, Abu-Hadeed HM, Al-Jabi SW, Sa’ed HZ. Prevalence of depression among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study in Palestine. BMC public health. 2014;14(1):163.
31. Miyaoka Y, Miyaoka H, Motomiya T, Kitamura SI, Asai M. Impact of sociodemographic and diabetes‐related characteristics on depressive state among non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic patients. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 1997;51(4):203-6.
32. Palinkas L, Barrett‐Connor E, Wingard D. Type 2 Diabetes and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: a Population‐based Study. Diabetic medicine. 1991;8(6):532-9.
33. Grisel JE, Rasmussen PR, Sperry L. Anxiety and Depression: Physiological and Pharmacological Considerations. Journal of Individual Psychology. 2006;62(4).
34. Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycemic control. Journal of Diabetes & Its Complications. 2005;19(2):113-22.
35. Katon WJ. The comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and depression. The American journal of medicine. 2008;121(11):S8-S15.
36. Huang C-I, Lin L-C, Tien H-C, Que J, Ting WC, Chen P-C, et al. Hyperlipidemia and statins use for the risk of new-onset anxiety/depression in patients with head and neck cancer: A population-based study. PloS one. 2017;12(3):e0174574.
37. Bajaj S, Agarwal SK, Varma A, Singh VK. Association of depression and its relation with complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Indian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2012;16(5):759.
38. Oladeji BD, Gureje O. The comorbidity between depression and diabetes. Current psychiatry reports. 2013;15(9):390.
39. Agardh E, Allebeck P, Hallqvist J, Moradi T, Sidorchuk A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of epidemiology. 2011;40(3):804-18.
40. Kyrou I, Tsigos C. Stress hormones: physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Current opinion in pharmacology. 2009;9(6):787-93.
Published
2018-12-31
How to Cite
KREIT ALI, D., HAWEZ SULAIMAN, K., & HASAN SANAAN, R. (2018). PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG A SAMPLE OF PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETESMELLITUS. Duhok Medical Journal, 12(2), 21-32. Retrieved from http://dmj.uod.ac/index.php/dmj/article/view/54
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