KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION AMONG WOMEN IN DUHOK CITY
Keywords:
Awareness, Cervical Cancer, Knowledge, Pap smear
Abstract
https://doi.org/10.31386/dmj.2021.15.2.4
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.31386/dmj.2021.15.2.4"> https://doi.org/10.31386/dmj.2021.15.2.4</a></p>
Background: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. It is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and it ranks as the 7th most frequent cancer among Iraqi women; Cervical cancer early detection is performed by the medical screening test, Pap smear.
Objectives: To assess the knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer prevention among women in Duhok city, it is the standard for doing an educational program to determine the differences in the pre and post-educational scores about this subject.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study included 120 women who attended Duhok Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology for any reason from the 7th of January to the 28thof April 2021, who were allocated randomly by using a structured questionnaire to gather the data.
Results: All the knowledge of interviewed women scores indicated a lack of awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear test, (44.2%) heard about cervical cancer and only (30.8%) of them had good knowledge. In comparison (21.7%), knew that Pap smear is the primary test used for cervical cancer screening. The main reason for not doing this test was "having no physician or other health providers advice" in (95.8%) of them. In addition, it was found that beliefs and the thought that cervical cancer is a scary disease" were in (76.7%) and (75.8%) respectively.
Conclusions: The women's knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear was poor. These findings indicate the need to educate the women and promote their awareness. Health education programs and social media are essential in this aspect.
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References
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25. El-Sayed Amr TE, Ramadan RME, Mohamed AG &Aboushady RM (2021). Effect of Tele-nursing Instructions on Women Knowledge and Beliefs about Cervical Cancer Prevention. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal, 8(23):153-65.
26. Rasul VH, Cheraghi MA &Moghdam ZB (2016). Barriers to cervical cancer screening among Iraqi Kurdish women: A qualitative study. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 32(4):1249-56.
27. Koç Z, Őzdeş EK, Topatan S, Ҫinarli T, Ṣener A, Danaci E, et al (2019). The Impact of Education About Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus on Women's Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Beliefs. Cancer Nursing, 42(2):106-18.
28. Getachew S, Getachew E, Gizaw M, Ayele W, Addissie A, Kantelhardt EJ (2019). Cervical cancer screening knowledge and barriers among women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 14(5):1-13.
29. Ebu NI, Mupepi SC, Siakwa MP&Sampselle CM (2014). Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana. International Journal of Women's Health, p. 31–9.
30. Mengesha A, Messele A &Beletew B (2020). Knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer among reproductive age group women in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 20(1): 1-10.
31. Al-Meer FM, Aseel MT, Al-khalaf J, Al-kuwari MG & Ismail MFS (2011). Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding cervical cancer and screening among women visiting primary health care in Qatar. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(11): 855-61.
32. Raychaudhuri S& Mandal S (2012). Current status of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and screening for cervical cancer in countries at different levels of development. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13(9): 4221-27
33. Aswathy S, Quereshi MA, Kurian B &Leelamoni K (2012). Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge & practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 136(2), p. 205–10.
34. K SA, Shanbhag S, Joseph RC& K VS (2020). A Study of Maternal Breast-Feeding Issues during Early Postnatal Days. SciMedicine Journal, 2(4): 219-24.
2. Maree JE & Wright SC (2011). Cervical cancer: Does our message promote screening? A pilot study in a South African context. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15(2): 118-123.
3. Zechariah Jebakumar A, Nondo HS& Sarfo SK (2014). Nurses role in cervical cancer prevention and its treatment - A critical review. Asian Pacific Journal of Nursing, 1(1):1-5.
4. Sachan PL, Singh M, Patel ML& Sachan R (2018). A Study on Cervical Cancer Screening Using Pap Smear Test and Clinical Correlation. Asia Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 5(3):337-341.
5. Arbyn M, Weiderpass E, Bruni L, Sanjosѐ S, Saraiya M, Ferlay J, et al (2019). Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 8(2): e191-e203.
6. Namdar A, Bigizadeh S &Naghizadeh MM (2012). Measuring Health Belief Model components in adopting preventive behaviors of cervical cancer. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 2(1):34-44.
7. MofoloI N, Sello M, Leselo M, Chabanku N, Ndlovu S, Naidoo Q, et al (2018). Knowledge of cervical cancer, human papillomavirus and prevention among first-year female students in residences at the University of the Free State. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 10 (1):1-5.
8. Chaturvedi Ak, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al (2011). Human Papillomavirus and Rising Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence in the United States. Journal Of Clinical Oncology, 29(32):4294-301.
9. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, Chesson HW, Curtis CR, Gee J, et al (2014). Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 63(5): 1-30.
10. Giroux V&Rustgi AK (2017). Metaplasia: tissue injury adaptation and a precursor to the dysplasia-cancer sequence. Nature Reviews Cancer, p. 594–604.
11. Toh ZQ, Kosasihe J, Russell FM, Garland SM, Mulholland EK&Licciardi PV (2019). Recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine in the prevention of cancers caused by human papillomavirus. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12: 1951-67.
12. Director of Cervical Cancer department, Erbil/ Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Ministry of Health, 2014.
13. Othman RT, Abdullijabar R, Saeed A, Kittani SS, Sulaiman HM, Mohammed SA (2011). Cancer Incidence Rates in the Kurdistan Region/Iraq from. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 11: 1261-64.
14. AbdulmalekIY& KalaryKM (2020). Knowledge about cervical cancer among married women attending the primary health care centers in Duhok city. Duhok Medical Journal, 14(1):92-105.
15. Naz MSG, Kariman N, Ebadi A, Ozgoli G, Ghosemi V&Fakari FR (2018). Educational Interventions for Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior of Women: A Systematic Review. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19:875-84.
16. WHO, 2014. Cancer Country Profiles-Iraq. Available at: https://www.who.int/cancer/country-profiles/irq.
17. Central statistical origination(2020). Republic of Iraq Ministry of planning. [Online] Available at: http://www.cosit.gov.iq/en/.
18. AhmedN& TaneepanichskulS (2008). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Dengue Fever Prevention Among the People in Male', Maldives. J Health Res, 22(1):33-7.
19. AhmedSRH, Esa AMS& El-zayat SM (2018). Health Belief Model-based educational program about cervical cancer prevention on women knowledge and beliefs. Egyptian Nursing Journal, 15(1): 39-49.
20. KarimyM, Azarpira H & ArabanM (2017).Using Health Belief Model Constructs to Examine Differences in Adherence to Pap Test Recommendations among Iranian Women. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 18(5):1389-94.
21. AldohaianAI, Alshammari SA & ArafahDA (2019). Using the health belief model to assess beliefs and behaviors regarding cervical cancer screening among Saudi women: A cross-sectional observational study 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. BMC Women's Health, 19(1):1-12.
22. El-Sayed Amr TE, Ramadan RME, Mohamed AG &Aboushady RM (2021). Effect of Tele-nursing Instructions on Women Knowledge and Beliefs about Cervical Cancer Prevention. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal, 8(23):153-65.
23. Ghosh S, Mallya S, Shetty RS, Pattanshetty SM, Pandey D, Kabekkodu SP, et al (2021). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Cervical Cancer and its Screening Among Women from Tribal Population: a Community-Based Study from Southern India. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9: 88–93.
24. Reichheld A, Mukherjee PK, Rahman SM, David KV, Pricilla RA (2020). Prevalence of Cervical Cancer Screening and Awareness among Women in an Urban Community in South India—A Cross Sectional Study. Annals of Global Health, 86(1): 1-7.
25. El-Sayed Amr TE, Ramadan RME, Mohamed AG &Aboushady RM (2021). Effect of Tele-nursing Instructions on Women Knowledge and Beliefs about Cervical Cancer Prevention. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal, 8(23):153-65.
26. Rasul VH, Cheraghi MA &Moghdam ZB (2016). Barriers to cervical cancer screening among Iraqi Kurdish women: A qualitative study. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 32(4):1249-56.
27. Koç Z, Őzdeş EK, Topatan S, Ҫinarli T, Ṣener A, Danaci E, et al (2019). The Impact of Education About Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus on Women's Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Beliefs. Cancer Nursing, 42(2):106-18.
28. Getachew S, Getachew E, Gizaw M, Ayele W, Addissie A, Kantelhardt EJ (2019). Cervical cancer screening knowledge and barriers among women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 14(5):1-13.
29. Ebu NI, Mupepi SC, Siakwa MP&Sampselle CM (2014). Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana. International Journal of Women's Health, p. 31–9.
30. Mengesha A, Messele A &Beletew B (2020). Knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer among reproductive age group women in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 20(1): 1-10.
31. Al-Meer FM, Aseel MT, Al-khalaf J, Al-kuwari MG & Ismail MFS (2011). Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding cervical cancer and screening among women visiting primary health care in Qatar. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(11): 855-61.
32. Raychaudhuri S& Mandal S (2012). Current status of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and screening for cervical cancer in countries at different levels of development. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13(9): 4221-27
33. Aswathy S, Quereshi MA, Kurian B &Leelamoni K (2012). Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge & practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 136(2), p. 205–10.
34. K SA, Shanbhag S, Joseph RC& K VS (2020). A Study of Maternal Breast-Feeding Issues during Early Postnatal Days. SciMedicine Journal, 2(4): 219-24.
Published
2022-01-07
How to Cite
YOUSIF ABDULMALEK, I., & RASUL MOHAMMED ALI, H. (2022). KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION AMONG WOMEN IN DUHOK CITY. Duhok Medical Journal, 15(2), 39-51. Retrieved from https://dmj.uod.ac/index.php/dmj/article/view/163
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Articles
